Malassezia

The fungus Malassezia is thought to be a natural part of human skin flora. However, it is also associated with a variety of skin diseases. Some of the diseases associated with Malassezia are pityriasis (tinea) versicolor, psoriasis, neonatal cephalic pustulosis, seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff, malassezia folliculitis (AKA Pityrosporum folliculitis), onychomycoses, atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome, transient acantholytic dermatosis, acne vulgaris and even systemic infections in rare cases.

Malassezia are most likely to be found in oily parts of the skin as they sustain themselves by using the fatty acids present in normal sebum. They can cause skin disease by overgrowth, descending into hair follicles or through inflammation. Although called a superficial organism that causes superficial mycosis, they are seen in central and deep segments of hair follicles (in folliculitis). They can cause systemic internal infections in immuncompromised hosts. They are found in the highest density in oily areas such as the face, scalp and upper trunk.

There has been a lot of confusion and disagreement about this yeast being either a commensal or pathogenic organism. People are starting to agree it appears to be both. Many researchers thought it was simply showing up with the skin disease as a natural inhabitant of the skin. However, it appears from a 2012 published review of the research literature that indeed there are higher counts usually with these various skin diseases and there may be pathogenic forms of Malassezia as well as commensal forms. One important take home from my reading the review was that this yeast and the skin diseases associated with it can be treated with systemic or topical antifungals. I think this is the most important fact of the whole review. You can read this review in its entirety here.

Overgrowth of Malassezia is more common in warm and humid tropical and subtropical climates. M. Globosa has been shown to increase in high summer temperatures due to sweating. Malassezia infections are associated with hyperhydrosis (excessive sweating), corticosteroid treatment, antibiotic treatment, increased plasma cortisol levels and malnutrition.

Human sebum is the lipid (oil) source Malassezia thrives on. Sebum is a complex mixture of lipids. It contains triglycerides, fatty acids, wax esters, sterol esters, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and squalene. They break the sebum down into triglycerides and esters, diglycerides, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids. This all leads toward the development of dandruff. People may notice dry flaky skin on other parts of their body besides their scalp. I call it body dandruff. You may also notice hypo- or hyperpigmented maculeswith no inflammation when Malassezia proliferates (pityriasis versicolor).

The outer layer of skin called the epidermis is a dense layer, made of keratinised cells that are constantly being renewed. There are three groups of filament-forming fungi that are known to commonly infect the keratinised and cornified layers of skin, nails and hair. They are Candida albicans, Trichophyton, and our friend Malassezia. Both Candida spp. and Malassezia spp. are considered commensal flora and the epidermal yeast form is not thought to alert the immune system or cause symptoms for people. They have all formed similar lipases and proteases to live in human skin. Some of these lipases and proteases are specifically formed during their hyphal phase when they are found to cause skin symptoms. In lab research it is noted that the hypha formation in these opportunistic pathogens is used to invade the substrate that they are adhered to. This can be in a living or non-living substrate. Additionally, hyphal forms give them the ability to move to a different host environment, acquire nutrition, and form colonies. It is the hyphal form that is thought of as being pathogenic and symptomatic. Although the hyphal form is thought to be the most virulent form in the human body, the yeast form can cause nasty and even fatal infections in some cases. Both C. albicans, Malasseszia as well as Trichophyton have been shown to reversibly switch between yeast and hyphal forms in diseased tissue. When they loose this ability to reversibly swtich back and fourth, they loose virulence. Malassezia has not been studied as much as Candida in this respect, as Malassezia has been thought to be more of a superficial skin condition and not usually a systemic problem. However, this does not decrease the frustration and stress it causes those who have skin afflictions due to Malassezia. It is thought that both Malassezia and Trichophyton are limited to specific body environmments due to nutrient needs (such as lipids for Malssezia) while Candida can proliferate in more areas of the body due to its ability to withstand various temperatures, and ph values, varying oxygen as well as nutrients.

It is known that fungus can form biofilms. Forming hypha is integral to forming bioflms. Although hypha are not necessary for them to make biofilms, research has shown biofilms formed by yeast alone are thin and easier to remove from surfaces mechanically. Certainly, we know that Candida can form a creamy-white plaque like biofilm on mucosal surfaces such as seen orally and vaginally. Both Candida alibicans and Malassezia are found in biofilms on various medical plastics. Biofilms protect the fungus from antifungals. C. albicans has been shown in mucosal infections to be modulated by a three-way interaction between the fungus, resident bacteria living with the fungus and the ambient host environment. There is much more research on Candida than Malassezia which is why I keep mentioning Candida. I assume the Malassezia hyphal research that is missing will be somewhat similar to the current Candida research when done in the future. I assume this since the current research with them both does show similarities.

Yeast forms of Malassezia do not usually induce an inflammatory response. The hyphal forms release "pathogen-associated molecular patterns" that seem to attract the attention of the immune system. So, when the yeast morphs into the hyphal form to grow biofilm or to find new nutrients the immune system becomes aware of them.

Malassezia are thought to exist as a faculatative intracellular parasite in the keratinocytes by supressing the inflammatory response that would usually happen when parasitized.

In normal skin the yeast form is seen and in diseased skin the yeast and hyphal form is seen. Some factors that lead to hyphal formation are thought to be, hypercortisolism, corticosteroid or antibiotic use, genetic or constitutional factors, envirnomental/climatic factors.

I think these partial or full body invasions are probably opportunistic and the skin conditions may create a change to a pathogenic organism which is then harder to deal with.

The host of any commensal needs to have an immune system and skin barrier that can cope with these activities of the commensal/potential pathogen. This creates a situation for the host and commensal where there is a balance between the organisms virulence or the activities that allow it to stay alive and hold its space on the host, and the hosts response to prevent invasion and disease. The host and commensal both create methods to protect themselves from each other.

Skin disease occurs when the hosts ability to protect itself is not working or the virulence of the commensal overcomes the host. Increased virulence is seen when a fungus changes from a yeast form to a hyphal form. There is is also the inability of the immune system to be able to get rid of an organism when it hides in a biofilm. The ability of fungi, bacteria, ectoparasites, and viruses to associate with each other and help each other over-come the hosts defences is another factor.

Skin barrier function can be disrupted from a variety of causes. Allergies to environmental stimuli can cause increased surface humidty on the skin as fluid leaks onto damaged skin. This can feed fungi and bacteria. Faulty hormonal regulation can effect the skin and the immunes systems ability to defend the body. Even pregnancy has been shown to stimulate some commensal activity. (In dogs demodex mites have been shown to start breeding during pregnancy as they get ready to invade the skin of the hosts new babies.) Hypothyroidism and hypercotisolism are associated with fungal infection. Any change in hormonal status may cause increased commensal activity.

Anything that decreases the immune system response may leave an opening for a commensal such as Massezia to proliferate. Adrenal disease, and cancer are a couple of examples where immune system dysregulation can lead to skin disease from various commensals.

There is a need to examine and possibly change the bodies internal environment/skin environment. In additon, there may be a need to change the outer environment the person is living in. They need to check for any chemicals/mold/virus/bacteria etc that may be in or outside of them that could cause a weakening in the skins protective mechanisms or weakening in the general whole health of the body. It is important to specifically examine the immune system and neuroendocrine system health of the person while doing a whole person check up.

My suggestion for a simple to use, cheap topical control that also supports the acid mantle of the skin is to use dilute "live" vinegar on all skin areas. The live vinegar is mixed with water. You can make it as strong or weak as necessary but could start with 25% vinegar. A wash cloth is dipped into this dilute vinegar/water mix and is used to saturate the skin. The scalp, the face, ears (pinky finger can be soaked and used inside ears, neck, torso, legs, feet, buttocks, anus, perianal region, vulva, penis. Pretty much everywhere and anywhere necessary. If the person feels a tickly or itchy area, they can reapply the dilute vinegar to that area.

There should be an examination of the persons whole body/mind/emotional/spiritual health and their environment to see what kind of changes need to be made.

This fungus is often treated with azole antifungals as are many fungal infections. However, my readers would probably like to know about alternatives. I would suggest you consider Caprylic or Undecylenic acid internally, undecylenic creams and/or Tea Tree oil externaly for your patients. I have listed some research abstracts below to help you in your considerations. I really have to stress how wonderful the use of simple vinegar is externally. I have listed more information about it above.

There are many alternative protocols for working with yeast that can be used for folks afflicted with a Malassezia related skin issue. This includes diet, supporting beneficial flora inside and outside of the body, support of body systems that need some extra attention, external and internal use of items such as caprylic acid/undecylenic acid etc. I don't think it is worth my time to write this up here as this data is easily accessible. I would point out that a key feature is to support the normal gut flora, and replace it as needed with fermented foods or supplements. Just as bacterial support of the gut works for vaginal candida, it also works to support the normal flora in other parts of your body such as your skin. Gut bacteria should always be kept happy and healthy as it is supporting the entire ecosystem of the body.

If you are looking for shampoos tht help kill Malassezia, look for shampoos with selenium sulfide (Selenium sulfide shampoos can be irritating.) or pyrithione zinc. There are many choices in animals shampoos while very few for humans. Some folks skip shampooing and simply use a water rinse and vinegar in an attempt to support the normal scalp flora and kill the Malassezia.

I would warn you that the use of oils on the skin may feed this lipophilic (lipid loving) yeast. The craze of using coconut oil liberally on the skin for a variety of skin afflictions may make the feeling of something crawling and itching skin worse for these people. In research labs when they study Malassezia hyphae, they have to give them a lipid source to get the yeast to grow hyphae in the lab. Other things that will generate a proliferation of Malssezia are the use of corticosteroids and or antibiotics.

If you want to see one person's experience with this organism to see just how bewildering this can be for people, check out this website here. I will mention that I had a complaint about referencing this website from a reader. The reason I list it is that there is little on the web about Malassezia and people's personal experience with it. The author of this site has given their personal experience and if a person has time to go through the site they will find useful data. It is however, redundant and there is information that is unclear and data that I do not always agree with. However, I am still going to keep this link due to it being useful to some people.

I have also listed some individual research articles below for your interest. I specifically listed any alternative treatments for Malassezia that have published research. If you have published research abstracts I should add, please send them to this Email

Abstract
Genus Malassezia comprises of 14 species of "yeast like fungi," 13 of which are lipophilic and 1 is nonlipophilic. They are known commensals and in predisposed individuals they commonly cause a spectrum of chronic recurrent infections. They rarely also cause serious illnesses like catheter-related blood stream infections, CAPD associated peritonitis etc., Though these fungi have been known to man for over 150 years, their fastidious nature and cumbersome culture and speciation techniques have restricted research. Since the last taxonomic revision, seven new species have been added to this genus. Their ability to evade the host immune system and virulence has increased the spectrum of the diseases caused by them. These agents have been implicated as causal agents in common diseases like atopic dermatitis recently. Though culture-based research is difficult, the new molecular analysis techniques and facilities have increased research in this field such that we can devote more attention to this genus to study in detail, their characteristics and their growing implications implications in the clinical scenario.
KEYWORDS:
Malassezia; pityriasis versicolor; seborrhoeic dermatitis

Abstract
Malassezia spp. is a genus of lipophilic yeasts and comprises the most common fungi on healthy human skin. Despite its role as a commensal on healthy human skin, Malassezia spp. is attributed a pathogenic role in atopic dermatitis. The mechanisms by which Malassezia spp. may contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis are not fully understood. Here, we review the latest findings on the pathogenetic role of Malassezia spp. in atopic dermatitis (AD). For example, Malassezia spp. produces a variety of immunogenic proteins that elicit the production of specific IgE antibodies and may induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, Malassezia spp. induces auto-reactive T cells that cross-react between fungal proteins and their human counterparts. These mechanisms contribute to skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis and therefore influence the course of this disorder. Finally, we discuss the possible benefit of an anti-Malassezia spp. treatment in patients with atopic dermatitis.
KEYWORDS:
IgE antibodies; Malassezia spp.; atopic dermatitis; auto-reactive T cells; cytokines
PMID: 26239555 [PubMed] PMCID: PMC4484996 Free PMC Article

Abstract
Several human skin diseases and disorders are associated with two groups of fungi, the dermatophytes and Malassezia. Although these skin-related problems are not generally life threatening, they are among the most common diseases and disorders of mankind. These fungi are phylogenetically divergent, with the dermatophytes within the Ascomycota and Malassezia within Basidiomycota. Genome analysis indicates that the adaptations to the skin environment are different in these two groups of fungi. Malassezia are dependent on host lipids and secrete lipases and phospholipases that likely release host fatty acids. The dermatophytes encode multiple enzymes with potential roles in modulating host interactions: polyketide synthases, nonribosomal peptide synthetases, LysM, proteases, kinases, and pseudokinases. These two fungal groups have maximized their interactions with the host using two very different mechanisms.
Copyright © 2014 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; all rights reserved.
PMID: 25085959 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Abstract
We have entered the Age of the Microbiome, with new studies appearing constantly and whole journals devoted to the human microbiome. While bacteria outnumber other gut microbes by orders of magnitude, eukaryotes are consistently found in the human gut and are represented primarily by the fungi. Compiling 36 studies 1917-2015 we found at least 267 distinct fungal taxa have been reported from the human gut, and seemingly every new study includes one or more fungi not previously described from this niche. This diversity, while impressive, is illusory. If we examine gut fungi, we will quickly observe a division between a small number of commonly detected species (Candida yeasts, Saccharomyces and yeasts in the Dipodascaceae, and Malassezia species) and a long tail of taxa that have been reported only once. Furthermore, an investigation into the ecology of these rare species reveals that many of them are incapable of colonization or long-term persistence in the gut. This paper examines what we know and have yet to learn about the fungal component of the gut microbiome, or "mycobiome", and an overview of methods. We address the potential of the field while introducing some caveats and argue for the necessity of including mycologists in mycobiome studies.
Copyright © 2015, Mycologia.
KEYWORDS:
Candida; human health; microbiome; next-generation sequencing
PMID: 26354806 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Abstract
Malassezia globosa is pathogenic fungus that causes skin disorders including dandruff in humans. Many yeast cytochrome CYP enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of sterols and are considered major targets of azole antifungal agents. Here, we report on the expression and characterization of the MGL_0310 gene product (CYP61A1), a sterol C-22 desaturase in M. globosa. The open reading frame of the CYP61A1 gene was amplified by PCR from M. globosa CBS 7966 genomic DNA and cloned into a pCW vector. The CYP61A1 gene was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using a Ni(2+)-NTA affinity column. The purified CYP61A1 protein exhibited a CO-difference spectrum typical of CYPs with a maximum absorption at 452nm. Binding spectral titration with β-sitosterol and campesterol demonstrated the type I binding mode with an increase at 411nm and a decrease at 432nm. The calculated Kd values are 5.4±0.6μM and 6.1±1.0μM for β-sitosterol and campesterol, respectively. No metabolic product, however, was observed in the CYP61A1-supported enzyme reaction with these sterols. The purified CYP61A1 protein exhibited tight binding to azole agents, suggesting that this enzyme may be a target for the pathogenic M. globosa fungus. Moreover, several fatty acids were found to bind to CYP61A1, indicating that the architecture of the enzyme includes a relatively large active site space. This study provides new insight into the biosynthesis of fungal sterols in M. globosa and a basis for the development of antifungal as potential therapeutic agents to treat dandruff.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
Azole; C22-desaturase; CYP; CYP61A1; Malassezia globosa; P450; Sterol
PMID: 26160660 [PubMed - in process]

Hautarzt. 2015 Jun;66(6):465-84; quiz 485-6. doi: 10.1007/s00105-015-3631-z.
[Cutaneous Malassezia infections and Malassezia associated dermatoses: An update].
[Article in German]
Nenoff P1, Krüger C, Mayser P.

Abstract
The lipophilic yeast fungus Malassezia (M.) spp. is the only fungal genus or species which is part of the physiological human microbiome. Today, at least 14 different Malassezia species are known; most of them can only be identified using molecular biological techniques. As a facultative pathogenic microorganism, Malassezia represents the causative agent both of superficial cutaneous infections and of blood stream infections. Pityriasis versicolor is the probably most frequent infection caused by Malassezia. Less common, Malassezia folliculitis occurs. There is only an episodic report on Malassezia-induced onychomycosis. Seborrhoeic dermatitis represents a Malassezia-associated inflammatory dermatosis. In addition, Malassezia allergenes should be considered as the trigger of "Head-Neck"-type atopic dermatitis. Ketoconazole possesses the strongest in vitro activity against Malassezia, and represents the treatment of choice for topical therapy of pityriasis versicolor. Alternatives include other azole antifungals but also the allylamine terbinafine and the hydroxypyridone antifungal agent ciclopirox olamine. "Antiseborrhoeic" agents, e.g. zinc pyrithione, selenium disulfide, and salicylic acid, are also effective in pityriasis versicolor. The drug of choice for oral treatment of pityriasis versicolor is itraconazole; an effective alternative represents fluconazole. Seborrhoeic dermatitis is best treated with topical medication, including topical corticosteroids and antifungal agents like ketoconazole or sertaconazole. Calcineurin inhibitors, e.g. pimecrolimus and tacrolimus, are reliable in seborrhoeic dermatitis, however are used off-label.
PMID: 25968082 [PubMed - in process]

J Dermatol. 2015 Dec 24. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.13245. [Epub ahead of print]
Microorganisms inhabiting follicular contents of facial acne are not only Propionibacterium but also Malassezia spp.
Akaza N1,2, Akamatsu H3, Numata S2, Yamada S1, Yagami A2, Nakata S1, Matsunaga K2.
Author information
Abstract
To clarify the relationship between major cutaneous microorganisms (Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus and Malassezia spp.) and acne vulgaris (acne), we examined the microbiota quantitatively in the follicular contents of inflammatory acne and on the facial skin of patients with acne. Fifteen Japanese untreated acne outpatients were studied. The follicular contents from inflammatory acne lesions of the face were collected using a comedo extractor. The skin surface samples were obtained by the swab method from 10 cm2 of facial skin. The microbiota was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction. The microbiota in follicular contents was similar to that on the skin surface, namely, there were large populations of Propionibacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Malassezia spp. Moreover, the number of Malassezia spp. on the skin surface was correlated with that of inflammatory acne and that in follicular contents. This study clarified that there are large populations of Propionibacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Malassezia spp. in follicular contents. These results suggest the possibility that not only Propionibacterium acnes but also other cutaneous resident microorganisms are related to acne. Particularly, we considered that Malassezia spp. is closely related.
© 2015 Japanese Dermatological Association.
KEYWORDS:
Malassezia ; Propionibacterium ; acne vulgaris; follicular content; microbiota
PMID: 26705192 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

This fungus is often treated with azole antifungals as are many fungal infections. However, my readers would probably like to know about alternatives. I have listed some research abstracts below to help you in your considerations.

Abstract
The genus Malassezia has recently attracted wide attention in medical microbiology and dermatology as a pathogen. They are lipophilic yeasts possessing high level of cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH). l-glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous antioxidant which offers protection against microbial infections. This study is intended to investigate the role of GSH as a potential anti-hydrophobicity agent against Malazessia spp. Microbial adherence to hydrocarbon assay was performed to assess the anti-hydrophobicity activity (AHA) of GSH against four Malassezia spp. The assay revealed that GSH at 400 μg ml(-1) concentration inhibited CSH, ranging from 84% to 95% in M. furfur, M. globosa, M. restricta and M. sympodialis without killing the cells. The AHA of GSH was corroborated by auto-aggregation assay and zeta-potential measurement, through which delayed cell aggregation was observed due to reduction in CSH level and not by modification in cell surface charge. In addition, colony-forming unit assay was performed in which 62-93% of CSH reduction was observed in Malassezia spp. tested. Furthermore, GSH treatment enhanced the sensitivity of Malassezia spp. towards human blood at the rate of 64-72%. The AHA was further confirmed through Fourier transform infrared analysis. Thus, this study portrays GSH as a prospective therapeutic alternative for Malassezia-mediated infections.
© 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
KEYWORDS:
Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis; Malassezia; cell surface hydrophobicity; l-glutathione
PMID: 26334025 [PubMed - in process]

Abstract
The lipophilic yeast Malassezia pachydermatis is part of the normal skin flora of most warm-blooded organisms. In a number of surveys it could be demonstrated that this yeast species might be involved in different skin diseases like seborrhoeic dermatitis, especially in dogs and cats. In order to look for an alternative therapeutic agent to the commonly used antimycotic and antiseptic synthetic substances the in vitro activity of Australian tea tree oil, the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, against several strains of Malassezia pachydermatis was examined. All tested strains showed remarkably high susceptibility to tea tree oil. With these results the excellent antibacterial activity of tea tree oil is extended to a new group of fungal pathogens colonizing mainly mammals' skin. During the last ten years there was an increasing popularity of tea tree oil containing human health care products. The presented data open up new horizons for this essential oil as a promising alternative agent for topical use in veterinary medicine as well.
PMID: 12070905 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Cutaneous infections induced by Malassezia ovalis (Pityrosporum ovale) represent a therapeutic problem due to the high rate of recurrence.
OBJECTIVE:
We studied feasible strategies to control the growth of M. ovalis, compatible with topical use in cosmetic formulations. Studies were performed on the effects of pH, ionic strength, cinnamic acid and related compounds on mycotic growth.
METHODS:
M. ovalis was cultivated in modified Sabouraud agar. The effects of pH, ionic strength and cinnamic acid and related compounds on mycotic growth were studied by the membrane filter method.
RESULTS:
In vitro growth of M. ovalis is strongly affected by pH and ionic strength. pH 4.5 induced a growth inhibition of about 95% and 1 M NaCl, at the optimal growth pH, reduced cell growth by over 90%. Cinnamic acid showed an inhibitory effect of 50% at 0.005 g/dl; 30 min incubation with cinnamic acid 0.5 g/dl had a mycocidic effect.
CONCLUSION:
These results suggest the use of cosmetic compositions containing cinnamic acid or buffered acidic lotions and shampoos in the treatment of M. ovalis infections of the scalp, eventually in addition or alternative to antimycotic drugs or in maintenance therapy. Cosmetic formulations with high ionic strength or skin irritant derivatives such as cinnamaldehyde cannot be proposed for practical use.
Copyright 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel
PMID: 11146344 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Int J Cancer. 1995 Jul 28;62(3):345-50.
Cinnamic acid: a natural product with potential use in cancer intervention.
Liu L1, Hudgins WR, Shack S, Yin MQ, Samid D.

Abstract
Cinnamic acid, a naturally occurring aromatic fatty acid of low toxicity, has a long history of human exposure. We now show that cinnamic acid induces cytostasis and a reversal of malignant properties of human tumor cells in vitro. The concentration causing a 50% reduction of cell proliferation (IC50) ranged from 1 to 4.5 mM in glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate and lung carcinoma cells. Using melanoma cells as a model, we found that cinnamic acid induces cell differentiation as evidenced by morphological changes and increased melanin production. Moreover, treated cells had reduced invasive capacity associated with modulation of expression of genes implicated in tumor metastasis (collagenase type IV, and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase 2) and immunogenicity (HLA-A3, class-I major histocompatibility antigen). Further molecular analysis indicated that the anti-tumor activity of cinnamic acid may be due in part to the inhibition of protein isoprenylation known to block mitogenic signal transduction. The results presented here identify cinnamic acid as a new member of the aromatic fatty acid class of differentiation-inducers with potential use in cancer intervention.
PMID: 7628877 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

(Cinnamic acid found in high amounts in chinese cinnamon - Cinnamomum cassia, and next in raw grees olives.)

Abstract
Extracts of Hypericum perforatum roots grown in a bioreactor showed activity against planktonic cells and biofilm of Malassezia furfur. Dried biomass, obtained from roots grown under controlled conditions in a ROOTec mist bioreactor, has been extracted with solvents of increasing polarity (i.e. chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol). The methanolic fraction was the richest in xanthones (2.86 ± 0.43 mg g- 1 DW) as revealed by HPLC. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the methanol extract against M. furfur planktonic cells was 16 μg mL- 1. The inhibition percentage of biofilm formation, at a concentration of 16 μg mL- 1, ranged from 14% to 39%. The results show that H. perforatum root extracts could be used as new antifungal agents in the treatment of Malassezia infections.
KEYWORDS:
Hypericum perforatum; Malassezia furfur; antifungal activity; biofilm; bioreactor; root cultures; xanthones
PMID: 26166743 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25676074
Mycoses. 2015 Apr;58(4):215-9. doi: 10.1111/myc.12300. Epub 2015 Feb 10.
Medium chain fatty acid ethyl esters - activation of antimicrobial effects by Malassezia enzymes.
Mayser P1.

Abstract
Free medium and short chain fatty acids are known to have broad antimicrobial activity. However, their practical use in topical therapy is limited by their intensive smell and acidity. Surprisingly, a nearly identical antimicrobial effect was found with the ethyl ester derivatives of these fatty acids, but only against Malassezia (M.) yeast, not against Candida spp. Obviously, these esters are hydrolysed by M. enzymes, thus generating a selective activation of antimicrobial activity especially in areas well populated with these yeast ('targeting'). Octanoic acid ethyl ester (CAS 106-32-1) was found to be most suitable. In an agar dilution test, the minimal inhibitory concentrations against M. globosa, M. pachydermatis and M. sympodialis, respectively, ranged between ~5 and 10 mmol l(-1) after 10 days of incubation. The effect started immediately and was not delayed by other lipid sources applied simultaneously. Based on these data, fatty acid monoesters may represent a new therapeutic concept in M.-associated diseases.
© 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
KEYWORDS:
Malassezia spp.; antimicrobial effects; atopic dermatitis; ethyl esters; hydrolytic activity; targeting
PMID: 25676074 [PubMed - in process]

Abstract
In a double-blind study, the efficacy of 1% tolnaftate cream, 3% undecylenic acid and its zinc salt, and a placebo cream were tested in dermatophytosis of the glaborous skin and groin. Ninety-seven subjects completed the study: 33 received tolnaftate, 23 of these subjects were cured clinically and mycologically. Thirty-two subjects received 3% undecylenic acid and 20% zinc undecylenate as a cream. Of these, 21 were cured clinically and mycologically. Only three of the 32 subjects receiving placebo were cured clinically and mycologically. Both tolnaftate and undecylenic acid and its zinc salt are effective in this condition.
PMID: 6352533 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Undecylenic acid is 6 times more effective than caplykic aicd and has been shown to be effective at maintaining a healthy balance of interestinal and vaginal flora. If you want to know more about undercylenic acid, check out this link.
http://altmedrev.com/publications/7/1/68.pdf

Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2015 Aug 1:1-16. [Epub ahead of print]
Bacterial, fungal and protozoan carbonic anhydrases as drug targets.
Capasso C1, Supuran CT.

Abstract
INTRODUCTION:
The carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1), a group of ubiquitously expressed metalloenzymes, are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, as well as in the growth and virulence of pathogens belonging to bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Areas covered: CAs belonging to at least four genetic families, the α-, β-, γ- and η-CAs, were discovered and characterized in many pathogens: i) Bacteria encode enzymes from one or more such families, which were investigated as potential drug targets. Inhibition of bacterial CAs by sulfonamides/phenol derivatives lead to inhibition of growth of the pathogen for Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella suis; ii) Fungi encode for α- and β-CAs, and inhibitors of the sulfonamide, thiol or dithiocarbamate type inhibited the growth of some of them (Malassezia globosa, Candida albicans, Crytpococcus neoformans, etc) in vivo; and iii) Protozoa encode α-, β- or η-CAs. Sulfonamide, thiols and hydroxamates effectively killed such parasites (Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani chagasi, Plasmodium falciparum) in vivo. Expert opinion: None of the microorganism CAs is validated as drug targets as yet, but the inhibitors designed against many such enzymes showed interesting in vitro/in vivo results. By interfering with the activity of CAs from microorganisms, both pH homeostasis as well as crucial biosynthetic reactions are impaired, which lead to significant antiinfective effects, not yet exploited for obtaining pharmacological agents. As resistance to the clinically used antiinfectives is a serious healthcare problem worldwide, inhibition of parasite CAs may constitute an alternative approach for obtaining such agents with novel mechanisms of action.
KEYWORDS:
X-ray; antiinfective; bacteria; carbonic anhydrases; fungi; hydroxamate; inhibitors; pathogens; protozoa; sulfonamide; thiols
PMID: 26235676 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Abstract
Malassezia furfur is a lipodependent, dimorphic and saprophyte fungus which causes pityriasis versicolor, dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis in humans. The drugs available to treat this fungal infection are few. These drugs are highly toxic and are costly when used in prolonged treatments. For these reasons, it is necessary to find new compounds to treat these infections. Ilex paraguariensis St Hilaire is a plant that grows in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis on the growth of M. furfur. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to identify and isolate compounds of I. paraguariensis and the agar-well diffusion method was used to assess the antifungal activity of the extract. The fungicidal/fungistatic effect was evaluated by the modified Thompson assay. The results demonstrated that the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis (1000 mg/ml) possesses inhibitory activity against M. furfur. This antimalassezial activity was equivalent to 2.7 microg/ml of ketoconazole. Therefore, the topical use of Ilex paraguariensis extract as alternative antifungal agent can be suggested.
Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 19827026 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Terbinafine (TBF) is known to concentrate and persist in human skin. Its use is increasing in veterinary medicine, but there are limited data concerning its tissue concentration and efficacy in dogs.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES:
(i) Describe TBF accumulation in canine skin; (ii) Integrate pharmacokinetic data with historical minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results for Malassezia pachydermatis to verify the currently used dosage of TBF for the treatment of Malassezia dermatitis.
ANIMALS:
Ten healthy, client-owned dogs.
METHODS:
Dogs were given TBF (generic preparation, 250 mg tablets) 30 mg/kg per os (p.o.) once daily for 21 days. Serum, sebum and stratum corneum (SC) samples were collected on days 1, 5, 7, 11, 14, 21, 28 and 35. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to determine drug concentrations in samples.
RESULTS:
Relevant (mean ± standard deviation) parameters for TBF in serum, paw SC, thorax SC and sebum, respectively, were: maximum concentration (Cmax , μg/mL) 23.59 ± 10.41, 0.31 ± 0.26, 0.30 ± 0.32 and 0.48 ± 0.25; half-life (t1/2 , d) 4.49 ± 2.24, 6.34 ± 5.33, 4.64 ± 3.27 and 5.12 ± 3.33; time to maximum concentration (Tmax , d) 10.40 ± 6.98, 13.20 ± 5.16, 11.90 ± 8.62 and 10.60 ± 3.69.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE:
These results suggest that TBF does not achieve high concentrations in canine SC or sebum compared to serum. The mean Cmax of all skin tissues (paw SC, thorax SC and sebum) barely exceeded the reported Malassezia MIC90, of 0.25 μg/mL, which indicates that doses higher than 30 mg/kg p.o. once daily may be necessary.
© 2015 ESVD and ACVD.
PMID: 26286855 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Abstract
In order to overcome the limitations inherent in current pharmacological treatments for Malassezia pachydermatis, the cause of otitis externa in dogs, the efficacy of a killer decapeptide (KP) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Sixteen dogs with naturally occurring M. pachydermatis otitis externa were enrolled, and the in vitro fungicidal activity of KP was evaluated using yeasts recovered from these animals. The therapeutic activity was evaluated in four groups of four animals each. The dogs were topically treated with KP (150 μl, 2 mg/ml) three times per week (group A) or every day (group B), treated with a scramble peptide every day (group C), or left untreated (group D). Assessment of clinical signs (pruritus, erythema, and lichenification and/or hyperpigmentation), expressed as mean of the total clinical index score (mTCIS), the population size of M. pachydermatis at the cytological examination (mean number of yeast cells at 40× magnification [mYC]), and culture testing (mean number of log10 CFU/swab [mCFU]), were conducted daily from the first day of treatment (T0) until two consecutive negative cultures (mCFU ≤ 2). KP showed an in vitro fungicidal effect against M. pachydermatis isolates, with an MFC90 value of 1 μg/ml. The mTCIS, mYC and mCFU were negative only in animals in group B after T8. Daily administration of KP for 8 days was safe and effective in controlling both clinical signs and the population size of M. pachydermatis causing otitis externa, thus offering an alternative to the currently available therapeutic or prophylactic protocols for recurrent cases of Malassezia otitis in dogs.
KEYWORDS:
Malassezia pachydermatis; dogs; killer peptide; otitis; therapy
PMID: 24625672 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

NOTE: Malassezia pachydermatis has been isolated from the facial granuloma of a healthy woman and her dog's skin scrapings and cerumen. The skin lesions healed after oral fluconazole and cryotherapy.

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Wipes containing chlorhexidine and azole derivates have been recommended for veterinary use. No study has been published about their activity against Malassezia pachydermatis.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the in vivo and in vitro activity of wipes soaked in a chlorhexidine, climbazole and Tris-EDTA solution against Malassezia pachydermatis.
ANIMALS:
Five research colony shar-pei dogs.
METHODS:
Wipes were applied once daily onto the left axilla, left groin and perianal area (protocol A), and twice daily on the right axilla, right groin and umbilical region (protocol B) for 3 days. In vivo activity was evaluated by quantifying Malassezia colonies through contact plates on the selected body areas before and after wipe application. The activity of the solution in which the wipes were soaked was assessed in vitro by contact tests following the European Standard UNI EN 1275 guidelines.
RESULTS:
Samples collected after wipe application showed a significant and rapid reduction of Malassezia yeast CFU. No significant difference in the Malassezia reduction was found between protocols A and B. In vitro assay showed 100% activity against Malassezia yeasts after a 15 min contact time with the wipe solution.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE:
Wipes containing chlorhexidine, climbazole and Tris-EDTA substantially reduced the M. pachydermatis population on the skin of dogs. The results, although this was an uncontrolled study performed on a small number of dogs, suggest that these wipes may be useful for topical therapy of Malassezia dermatitis involving the lips, paws, perianal area and skin folds.
© 2015 ESVD and ACVD.
PMID: 26083147 [PubMed - in process]

MBio. 2013 Mar 19;4(2):e00117-13. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00117-13.
Living and thriving on the skin: Malassezia genomes tell the story.
Coelho MA1, Sampaio JP, Gonçalves P.

Abstract
Our understanding of the interactions between normal skin microbiota and the human host has been greatly extended by recent investigations. In their recent study in mBio, A. Gioti et al. (mBio 4[1]:e00572-12, 2013) sequenced the genome of the atopic eczema-associated yeast, Malassezia sympodialis, and compared its gene content and organization with that of Malassezia globosa, a species implicated in dandruff. Their findings were also contrasted with those previously obtained for Ustilago maydis, which is a close relative but ecologically distinct plant parasite. Besides gaining additional insight into key host-specific adaptations and the particular function and molecular evolution of allergens related to atopic eczema, Gioti et al. also uncovered several lines of evidence that elegantly suggest the presence of an extant sexual cycle, with important implications in disease.
Comment on
Genomic insights into the atopic eczema-associated skin commensal yeast Malassezia sympodialis. [MBio. 2013]
PMID: 23512963 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC3604764 Free PMC Article

2014 Sep;24(3):234-40. doi: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.02.005. Epub 2014 Apr 17.

Clinical and mycological evaluation of an herbal antifungal formulation in canine Malassezia dermatitis.

Malassezia pachydermatis is a common cause of more widespread dermatitis in dogs (CMD). Recurrences are common, and this disorder can be very troubling for both dogs and for the pet owner.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

The treatment of 20 dogs affected by dermatitis due to M. pachydermatis, with Malacalm(®), a commercially available mixture consisting of essential oils (Citrus aurantium 1%, Lavandula officinalis 1%, Origanum vulgare 0.5%, Origanummajorana 0.5%, Mentha piperita 0.5% and Helichrysum italicum var. italicum 0.5%, in sweet almond oil and coconut oil) is reported. The effectiveness of the whole mixture, of component essential oils and of their more represented compounds against clinical isolates was evaluated by a microdilution test. Twenty animals were topically administered the mixture twice daily for 1 month. Ten animals were treated with a conventional therapy based on ketoconazole 10mg/kg/day and chlorhexidine 2% twice a week for 3 weeks. At the end of both treatments animals significantly improved their clinical status. Adverse effects were never noticed. Follow-up visit performed on day 180th allowed to observe a recurrence of clinical signs in all the subjects treated conventionally, while not significant clinical changes were referred in dogs treated with Malacalm(®). The overall MIC value of Malacalm(®) was 0.3%. O. vulgare showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), being active at 0.8%, followed by M. piperita (1%), O. majorana (1.3%), C. aurantium (2%) and L. officinalis (4%) while H. italicum did not yield any antimycotic effect up to 10%. Active major compounds were thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, 1,8-cineol, limonene and menthol.

CONCLUSION:

The phytotherapic treatment achieved a good clinical outcome, and no recurrence of skin disorders on day 180th was recorded. This herbal remedium appeared to be a safe tool for limiting recurrences of CMD.

If you found this information helpful, I would appreciate your support in keeping the site going. If you would like to donate to my work, I thank you in advance and send you my deep felt gratitude.